KM3NeT - neutrino

KM3NeT AISBL is born!

20 June 2025 – A very important step forward for KM3NeT has been accomplished this week by establishing the KM3NeT AISBL.

An Association Internationale Sans But Lucratif (AISBL) is a non-profit legal entity established according to Belgian law and recognised at international level. This is the form of legal entity which had been identified as the most appropriate one for KM3NeT after a detailed evaluation conducted through the KM3NeT-Infradev2 project, supported by the EU (Grant Agreement no. 101079679). Setting up a legal entity for KM3NeT was in particular the main objective of the work package 2 of the project, coordinated by Piera Sapienza of INFN.

This new entity will allow for an efficient and legally binding reorganisation of the KM3NeT activities for construction, installation, operation, maintenance, scientific exploitation and decommissioning of the infrastructure.

The KM3NeT AISBL was signed in Brussels by Nicolas Leroy, Ekaterini Tzamariudaki, Juan de Dios Zornoza, Marco Pallavicini and Jorgen D’Hondt, representing the AISBL founding members, respectively: CNRS (France), INPP/NCSRD (Greece), University of Valencia (Spain), INFN (Italy) and NWO-I (the Netherlands). The other institutes of KM3NeT are expected to join soon, either as full members or observers.

Scientific interest in KM3-230213A

14 June 2025 – It is about four months since we published our KM3-230213A event.

The unprecedented event was recorded in the middle of the night of 13 February 2023 in the  ARCA detector. During a time window of almost 2 microseconds, more than 28,000 photons were recorded in the almost 12,000 photomultipliers of the detector. From the analysis of the data it was possible to identify a single charged particle, a muon, which had crossed the entire detector. Detailed studies led to an estimate of energy of the primary neutrino at the level of 220 PeV, significantly higher than any neutrino ever detected before.

On 12 February 2025 we reported the discovery of KM3-230213A in an on-line seminar and published a paper in Nature. In follow-up papers we discussed possible origins of the neutrino from KM3-230213A.

Since then the wider community of astroparticle physicists and astronomers have investigated multiple explanations for the extremely energetic neutrino. To date, they published in total more than 30 papers on the preprint server arXiv.

Could the KM3-230213A neutrino originate from a blazar or a year-long transient source? Or is there a radio counterpart? Can it be associated with gamma ray bursts? Others investigated the possibility that the neutrino was produced in the decay of dark matter or in an explosion of a black hole. Also, the possibility was investigated that the KM3-239213A neutrino is produced in the interaction of an ultra-energetic cosmic-ray particle with a photon of the background radiation that permeates the Universe.

Or could KM3-230213A point to new physics or to a violation of Lorentz invariance?

We are delighted that our discovery of the KM3-230213A event generated so much excitement in the scientific community.

You can find the preprints on arXiv with this search query:

https://arxiv.org/search/?query=KM3-230213A

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Online Data Filter for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescopes

10 June 2025 – Recently, we submitted a new paper with the title ‘The Online Data Filter for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescopes’

In this paper, we present the design and performance of the software that is used to filter the data recorded by the photo-sensors of the KM3NeT detectors.

The KM3NeT telescopes

The KM3NeT collaboration is constructing a large research infrastructure at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea comprising two telescopes named ARCA and ORCA. Unlike conventional telescopes, the KM3NeT telescopes detect neutrinos and not light from the cosmos.

Neutrinos are notoriously difficult to detect. To overcome this difficulty, KM3NeT uses water in the deep sea. Neutrinos are detected indirectly using three-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors which detect the Cherenkov light that is produced when relativistic charged particles emerge from a neutrino interaction. The density of the water in the deep sea provides for the necessary mass for neutrinos to interact and its transparency for a sufficiently large detection volume.

The online data filter

To filter the data recorded by the photo-sensors in the deep sea, we have implemented a custom designed software system. First, the analogue pulses from the photo-sensors are digitised offshore in the deep sea. Then, all digital data are sent to a control station onshore where they are processed in real time using a farm of commodity servers and custom software.

The filter quality

We have evaluated the performance of the data filter in three terms: its purity, its capacity and its efficiency. The purity – or signal-to-noise ratio – is measured by a comparison of the event rate caused by muons produced by cosmic ray interactions in the Earth’s atmosphere with the event rate caused by the background from decays of radioactive elements in the sea water and bioluminescence. The capacity of the filter is measured by the minimal number of computer servers that is needed to sustain the rate of incoming data. The efficiency is measured by the effective detection volumes of the sensor arrays.

Different event topologies

In nature three different flavours of neutrinos exist, namely electron, muon and tau. They are named after the charged particle that emerges from the neutrino interaction with matter. In the KM3NeT detectors these charged particles are recognised by the different topologies of photo-sensors hit by the Cherenkov light. In particular, a muon produces a long linear track of sensors hit, while the electron reveals itself as a ‘shower’ of sensors hit in multiple directions. Each type of neutrino yields a different effective detection volume.

The effective detection volumes in the figures

As an example, we present in the figures below the effective detection volumes of the ARCA telescope as a function of the neutrino energy for muon- and electron-neutrinos using two designated software algorithms. They show that in both cases the largest volume is obtained with the algorithm that matches the neutrino flavour.

They also show that for neutrinos of about 1 TeV the effective volume reaches the geometrial volume of the detector (dashed line). Below this threshold, the effective volume is smaller due to limited visible energy. Beyond the threshold, the growth of the effective volume can be attributed to neutrino interactions in the vicinity of the detector.

The paper has been submitted to section A of the journal on Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research – (NIM-A) and is available as a preprint at arXiv 2506.05881.

2nd DOM integration workshop

27 May 2025 – Do you know how the optical modules of KM3NeT are built? This has been shown and practised in the second edition of the Digital Optical Module (DOM) integration workshop which took place last week.

In total 30 people participated in the workshop. They came from the eight KM3NeT integration labs, including the new lab in Salerno, Italy. Experts from the KM3NeT steering committee and the central and local quality management were also present.

The workshop was purely hands-on! Each step in mounting a DOM was scrutinised, while the participants shared their experience and the procedures were discussed.

The workshop took place in the CAPACITY laboratory in Caserta, Italy, taking advantage of the new facilities which were recently inaugurated.

The construction of the KM3NeT optical modules consists of many steps, comprising several delicate operations. The final product is a pressure-resistant glass sphere which contains 31 photomultipliers and various electronics devices for the power supply and acquisition and transmission of data.

In addition, the optical modules contain important calibration devices, such as a compass, a piezoacoustic sensor for positioning the modules and a fast LED pulser, the nanobeacon, for calibrating the photomultipliers. They are fundamental for pushing the performance of the KM3NeT neutrino detectors.

The two hemispheres which compose an optical module are assembled and tested separately. When everything is installed and all functional tests are passed, it is time to proceed to non-reversible steps of integration, such as pouring optical gel in the interface between the photomultipliers and the glass of the hemispheres. Finally, the optical module can be closed and sealed. After undergoing a last acceptance test, the module is ready for being integrated in a detection line.

All integration and test procedures strictly comply with the high quality standards of KM3NeT.

And what if a problem occurs in a completed and sealed optical module? Is it possible to open it? The answer is yes! But with a very very delicate procedure.

Below are some pictures taken during the workshop.

4 new detection units installed in ORCA

16 May 2025 – This week at the ORCA site, a sea operation was performed with a twofold purpose: the recovery from the sea bottom of some oceanographic instruments which required some maintenance and the installation of a set of 4 new detection units. The number of detection units in ORCA has thus been increased to 28.

The field is getting crowded!
This is a sonar map of the ORCA site after the installation of the new detection units. Also marked in the image are the various components of the submarine infrastructure, comprising a junction box (“JB1”), a module for interface with oceanographic instrumentation (Module Interface Instrumented – MII) and a calibration structure (Calibration Base – CB).

As usual, the operation was performed with two ships: the Castor of Foselev, for deployment of the detection units, and the Janus II of SAAS (formerly Comex), equipped with the Apache deep-sea remotely operated vehicle, for submarine operations.

Everything worked very smoothly – many thanks to the crews offshore as well as to the team who performed the functional tests of the new detection units from the shore station!

 

The Castor at the end of the sea campaign.

Inauguration of the new facilities of the CAPACITY Laboratory in Caserta

14  May 2025 – Today the new facilities of the CAPACITY laboratory in Caserta have been inaugurated.

The extension of the CAPACITY laboratory will allow for building, testing and integrating a large fraction of the KM3NeT digital optical modules, base modules and detection units, thus considerably speeding up the construction of the KM3NeT detectors. The laboratory is in fact equipped to facilitate all the integration steps which are necessary for building complete detection units and for preparing them in the packed configuration used for deployment.

In addition, the CAPACITY laboratory hosts sophisticated test facilities, including a state-of-the-art laboratory dedicated to the characterisation of optical sensors, a large tank for tests of digital optical modules in water, a large thermal chamber and more, allowing for extensive tests of different components to be carried out at the site. The CAPACITY laboratory also hosts the European Logistics Center of the Collaboration, where the components needed for detector construction are collected for distribution to the integration sites.

CAPACITY (Campania AstroPArtiCle InfrastrucTure facilitY) is a laboratory created in 2019 thanks to the joint action of the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) and the University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, within the Research Laboratories Centre (POLAR) of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Campania.

The new CAPACITY facilities have been made possible by the efforts of the institutions, the University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” and the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, in the framework of the NextGenerationEU Italian PNRR KM3NeT4RR project. With KM3NeT4RR, crucial actions towards the expansion of the KM3NeT Italian site off the coast of Capo Passero in Sicily have been funded. These include the extension of the submarine infrastructure and the strengthening of the detector integration laboratories and of its testing facilities.

Lucio Gialanella (left) and Pasquale Migliozzi (right), respectively the representative of University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” and the CAPACITY director, at the inauguration time

 

Paul de Jong, KM3NeT Spokesperson

 

One of the new integration halls at CAPACITY (for DOM integration)

KM3NeT detects the highest energy neutrino ever observed

KM3NeT PRESS RELEASE – 12/02/2025

The KM3NeT Collaboration announces the detection from the abyss of the Mediterranean Sea of a cosmic neutrino with a record-breaking energy of about 220 PeV

 

An extraordinary event consistent with a neutrino with an estimated energy of about 220 PeV (220 x 1015 electron volts or 220 million billion electron volts), was detected on February 13, 2023, by the ARCA detector of the kilometre cubic neutrino telescope (KM3NeT) in the deep sea. This event, named KM3-230213A, is the most energetic neutrino ever observed and provides the first evidence that neutrinos of such high energies are produced in the Universe. After long and meticulous work to analyse and interpret the experimental data, today, February 12, 2025, the international scientific collaboration of KM3NeT reports the details of this amazing discovery in an article published in Nature.

The detected event was identified as a single muon which crossed the entire detector, inducing signals in more than one third of the active sensors. The inclination of its trajectory combined with its enormous energy provides compelling evidence that the muon originated from a cosmic neutrino interacting in the vicinity of the detector.

“KM3NeT has begun to probe a range of energy and sensitivity where detected neutrinos may originate from extreme astrophysical phenomena. This first ever detection of a neutrino of hundreds of PeV opens a new chapter in neutrino astronomy and a new observational window on the Universe”, comments Paschal Coyle, KM3NeT Spokesperson at the time of the detection, and researcher at CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, France.

The high-energy universe is the realm of cataclysmic events such as accreting supermassive black holes at the centre of galaxies, supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, all as yet not fully understood. These powerful cosmic accelerators, generate streams of particles called cosmic rays. Some cosmic rays may interact with matter or photons around the source, to produce neutrinos and photons. During the travel of the most energetic cosmic rays across the Universe, some may also interact with photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation, to produce extremely energetic “cosmogenic” neutrinos.

“Neutrinos are one of the most mysterious of elementary particles. They have no electric charge, almost no mass and interact only weakly with matter. They are special cosmic messengers, bringing us unique information on the mechanisms involved in the most energetic phenomena and allowing us to explore the farthest reaches of the Universe”, explains Rosa Coniglione, KM3NeT Deputy-Spokesperson at the time of the detection, researcher at the INFN National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Italy.

Although neutrinos are the second most abundant particle in the Universe after photons, their weak interaction with matter makes them very hard to detect and requires enormous detectors. The KM3NeT neutrino telescope, currently under construction, is a giant deep-sea infrastructure distributed across two detectors ARCA and ORCA. In its final configuration, KM3NeT will occupy a volume of more than one cubic kilometre. KM3NeT uses sea water as the interaction medium for neutrinos. Its high-tech optical modules detect the Cherenkov light, a bluish glow that is generated during the propagation through the water of the ultra- relativistic particles produced in neutrino interactions.

“To determine the direction and energy of this neutrino required a precise calibration of the telescope and sophisticated track reconstruction algorithms. Furthermore, this remarkable detection was achieved with only one tenth of the final configuration of the detector, demonstrating the great potential of our experiment for the study of neutrinos and for neutrino astronomy”, comments Aart Heijboer, KM3NeT Physics and Software Manager at the time of the detection, and researcher at Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, The Netherlands.

The KM3NeT/ARCA (Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) detector is mainly dedicated to the study of the highest energy neutrinos and their sources in the Universe. It is located at 3450 m depth, about 80 km from the coast of Portopalo di Capo Passero, Sicily. Its 700 m high detection units (DUs) are anchored to the seabed and positioned about 100 m apart. Every DU is equipped with 18 Digital Optical Modules (DOM) each containing 31 photomultipliers (PMTs). In its final configuration, ARCA will comprise 230 DUs. The data collected are transmitted via a submarine cable to the shore station at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud.

The KM3NeT/ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) detector is optimised to study the fundamental properties of the neutrino itself. It is located at a depth of 2450 m, about 40 km from the coast of Toulon, France. It will comprise 115 DUs, each 200 m high and spaced by 20 m. The data collected by ORCA are sent to the shore station at La Seyne Sur Mer.

“The scale of KM3NeT, eventually encompassing a volume of about one cubic kilometre with a total of about 200 000 photomultipliers, along with its extreme location in the abyss of the Mediterranean Sea, demonstrates the extraordinary efforts required to advance neutrino astronomy and particle physics. The detection of this event is the result of a tremendous collaborative effort between many international teams of engineers, technicians and scientists”, comments Miles Lindsey Clark, KM3NeT Technical Project Manager at the time of the detection, and research engineer at the CNRS – Astroparticle and Cosmology laboratory, France.

This ultra-high energy neutrino may originate directly from a powerful cosmic accelerator. Alternatively, it could be the first detection of a cosmogenic neutrino. However, based on this single neutrino it is difficult to conclude on its origin. Future observations will focus on detecting more such events to build a clearer picture. The ongoing expansion of KM3NeT with additional detection units and the acquisition of additional data will improve its sensitivity and enhance its ability to pinpoint cosmic neutrino sources, making it a leading contributor to multi-messenger astronomy.

The KM3NeT Collaboration brings together more than 360 scientists, engineers, technicians and students of 68 institutions from 21 countries all over the world.

KM3NeT is included in the roadmap of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures, which recognises KM3NeT as a priority research infrastructure for Europe. KM3NeT receives funding from the European Union as well as national research agencies in several countries, KM3NeT has benefitted from various fundings through the European research and innovation programmes as well as the European Regional Development Fund.

Press kit

Press contact

CNRS Press Office

presse@cnrs.fr | +33 1 44 96 51 51

INFN Press Office

Antonella Varaschin | antonella.varaschin@presid.infn.it | +39 349 5384481

Nikhef Press Office

Vanessa Mexner | v.mexner@nikhef.nl | +31 6 4681 2075

Contact person in Belgium

Gwenhael Wilberts Dewasseige | gwenhael.dewasseige@uclouvain.be

Contact person in Czech Republic

Jan Machonin | machonin@seznam.cz

Contact person in Greece

Aikaterini Tzamarioudaki | katerina@inp.demokritos.gr 

Contact person in Poland

Anna Żmuda-Muszyńska | rzecznik@agh.edu.pl

Contact person in Slovakia

Otakar Horák | otakar.horak@dennikn.sk

Contact person in South Africa

Markus Boettcher | Markus.Bottcher@nwu.ac.za

Contact person in Spain

Juande Zornoza | zornoza@ific.uv.es

Contact person in the United Arab Emirates

Satyendra Thoudam | satyendra.thoudam@ku.ac.ae

Contact person in the United Kingdom

David Benoit | d.benoit@hull.ac.uk

For contacts in all other countries

km3net-oc@km3net.de

The observation of an ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrino at the bottom of the sea

KM3NeT Popular Information – 12/02/2025

Unveiling the Universe Through Ultra-High-Energy Neutrinos

When we think of the universe, images of stars, galaxies, and vast expanses of darkness come to mind. Yet, hidden within this cosmic expanse are invisible messengers—neutrinos— tiny particles that can travel unimpeded from the furthest reaches of the universe.

On the 12th of February, 2025, scientists working on the Kilometre cube Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT) in the Mediterranean Sea have published in Nature the observation of an extraordinary event: the evidence of an ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrino, shedding new light on some of the Universe’s most energetic processes.

What are neutrinos?

Neutrinos are subatomic particles with no electric charge and an incredibly small mass. They are elusive, interacting so weakly with matter that billions of them pass through us every second without a trace. Produced in a huge range of energies, and in many different processes – from large amount of low energy neutrinos produced in nuclear fusion processes in our Sun, to small amount of high energy neutrinos coming from particle collisions in cataclysmic cosmic events such as exploding stars or black hole activity – neutrinos are unique because their path remains undisturbed . This allows them to act as cosmic messengers, carrying information directly from their astrophysical source to detectors on Earth.

One module of KM3NeT with 31 light sensitive ‘eyes’ (called photomultiplier tubes) in the deep sea. The observatory which detected the ultra-high energy event (called KM3NeT/ARCA) had 378 of such modules installed at the time of the detection, on a total of 21 vertical detection lines attached to the sea bottom. The lines are at almost 100 meters distance from one another, and are almost 700 meters long. Altogether being a huge network of light sensitive ‘eyes’. Courtesy KM3NeT.

Detecting neutrinos requires giant observatories for example located deep underwater or in ice. These observatories look for faint flashes of Cherenkov light—a luminous glow created when charged particles produced by neutrino interactions move faster than light in the medium. The KM3NeT telescope located deep in the Mediterranean Sea is one such observatory, designed to catch high-energy neutrino events via these flashes of light.

A record-breaking discovery

On February 13, 2023, the KM3NeT team recorded a neutrino event unlike any other. Named KM3-230213A, the neutrino’s energy was estimated to be an astonishing 220 peta- electronvolts (PeV) – roughly a billion times 100 million times the energy of visible light photons and about 30 times the highest neutrino energy previously detected.

The event occurred in KM3NeT’s ARCA detector, located 3450 meters underwater near Sicily in Italy. KM3NeT/ARCA is designed to study high-energy neutrinos, while its sister detector KM3NeT/ORCA, located near Toulon in France, focuses on lower-energy neutrinos. During this event, the detector’s photomultiplier tubes recorded over 28 000 photons of light produced while the charged particle coming from the neutrino interaction crossed the entire detector.

What makes this event special?

The detection of KM3-230213A is ground-breaking for several reasons:

  1. Unprecedented Energy: Such high-energy neutrinos are extremely rare, making this a monumental discovery.
  2. Precision Detection: The advanced design of the ARCA detector, featuring multi- photomultiplier optical modules with nanosecond timing precision, enabled precise reconstruction of the neutrino’s trajectory and energy. Its near-horizontal path through the detector indicates a cosmic origin, as atmospheric muons cannot travel such long distances through the seawater without being absorbed.
  3. Cosmic Origins: This neutrino might originate from a powerful cosmic accelerator, such as an active galactic nucleus or a gamma-ray burst. Alternatively, it could be a cosmogenic neutrino, produced in the interaction between an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray with the background radiation in the universe.

Searching for the source

After detecting KM3-230213A, the KM3NeT scientists analysed its direction and energy to identify its possible astrophysical origin. Researchers cross-referenced data from gamma-ray, X-ray, and radio telescopes to look for potential counterparts, such as blazars or transient events. While its arrival direction aligns with regions containing active cosmic phenomena, no definitive source could be significantly identified.

Visual impression of the ultra-high energy neutrino event observed in KM3NeT/ARCA. The colours indicate the light seen by the ‘eyes’ on each module, where the different colours represent different observation times. The almost horizontally reconstructed track of the particle is shown as a line from right to left. Courtesy KM3NeT.

 Even though an extragalactic origin is most likely, the event’s position near the Galactic plane does not exclude the possibility it originated in our Milky Way.

This highlights the challenge of linking single neutrino detections to specific astrophysical sources.

Its importance for neutrino astronomy

This discovery marks a milestone in neutrino astronomy, a field still in its infancy compared to traditional optical or radio astronomy. High-energy neutrino observations like KM3- 230213A offer unique insights into the most extreme environments in the universe. They may help answer long-standing questions about the origins of cosmic rays and how they can be accelerated to such enormous energies.

Furthermore, KM3-230213A provides valuable data to refine models of cosmic neutrino production and propagation. It also demonstrates the capabilities of next-generation observatories like KM3NeT, which continue to push the boundaries of our understanding.

The road ahead

While KM3-230213A raises many questions, it also opens new doors. Future observations will focus on detecting more such events to build a clearer picture of their origins. The ongoing expansion of KM3NeT with additional detection lines and increasing data taking time will improve its sensitivity and enhance its ability to pinpoint neutrino sources.

The evidence of this ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrino is a testament to human ingenuity and the enduring quest to understand the universe. Each neutrino captured is like a piece of a jigsaw puzzle, revealing a bit more about the cosmos. As technology advances, we are poised to discover even more extraordinary phenomena in the vast expanse of space.

Observation of an ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrino with KM3NeT

On February 12, 2025, The KM3NeT Collaboration has announced the detection from the abyss of the Mediterranean Sea of a cosmic neutrino with a record-breaking energy of about 220 PeV.

More information can be found in the:

Additionally, 4 companion papers have been published on arXiv:

A fruitful Collaboration Meeting in Louvain-la-Neuve!

4 February 2025 – Last week, KM3NeT has met, both in person and online, for its winter Collaboration Meeting , in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, hosted by UCLouvain.

Various discussions and presentations highlighted progresses and activities related to the ARCA and ORCA detectors, including updates on construction, simulation, calibration and data analysis efforts. The meeting also featured talks on the latest scientific results, including…plans for very exciting results to be announced soon!

Beyond the scientific sessions, the event fostered community engagement through social activities and networking opportunities.

It was also the occasion to welcome our new Management Team: Paul De Jong (Nikhef and University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) serves as Spokesperson, Damien Dornic (CPPM/CNRS, France) as Deputy Spokesperson, Rosa Coniglione (INFN-LNS, Italy) as the Physics and Software Manager, and Antonio D’Amico (Nikhef, The Netherlands) holds the position of Technical Project Manager. The entire Collaboration extends its congratulations to the outgoing Management Team and wishes the best of luck to its newly elected members.

The KM3Net Collaboration is pleased to welcome a new team, from INFN and University of Florence, Italy, coordinated by Nicola Mori: we are happy to have you as part of our Collaboration and look forward to your valuable contributions.

Thanks a lot to the whole local team for the wonderful organization.

The next Collaboration Meeting is scheduled for the coming summer, in France, at Caen.

The KM3NeT Management team (from left to right): Damien Dornic, Paul De Jong, Rosa Coniglione and Antonio D’Amico.